Me. Trail and error . Five manuals. And as much information is i can get. Then i do a test of a few rounds. Function test first before the ladder test. When a manufacturer puts out a new product, someone has to buy it and be that guinea pig ( been that guy) an example : new bullet comes out. Or new powder is released. Or trying a component used in a different caliber. Like the 270 Rem bullets i used in the 6.8spc . Or like now with me using a non listed 142gr FMJ flattop in a 9mm case. I have shot it twice last year. One mag to make sure i did not blow up a gun. Then the next time out i run a mag of the powder weight i want to use though a good gun ,my Glock 34. It ran flawlessly. Next step is to chrono the 168 rounds i made this week.
Its not always a win either. Fucked up a couple of times. Cartridge blew up at the shop . Once in R2's hand. Once blew out a mag in 6.8spc AR. Then cycling issues in 10mmAuto because the ammo was too hot for the gun.
But i have had some wins... Like the 357sig rounds that we shot off the top of the mountain. 1615 to 1629 fps and they did not sting the hand.
Ladder test is the best proven method ! Read some threads here. I have a great load for 168gr Sierra Match Kings .
I won't speak for Tom but he has figured out the Heavy Projectiles going long distance.
One last thing ,use multiple sources for your information. Books, Forums, Manufacturers.